ket課文：科學(xué)美國人60秒考古文章

領(lǐng)取《KET、PET官方真題總結(jié)，官網(wǎng)樣卷，必要詞匯，口語常用句型 》

Archeology is always full of mystery and appeal ...

RE2 UNIT 3 兩篇課文的基本結(jié)構(gòu)相似， 提出猜測和推理過程， 有反駁也有承認(rèn)的部分。這類似于推理破案的神秘性，引起了極大的興趣。當(dāng)然， 好的材料如果有好的老師， 良好的氛圍引導(dǎo)，才能體現(xiàn)價(jià)值。在課堂上和學(xué)習(xí)種積極，真是我從未見過，從課后給我的教材中，我可以看出他們的細(xì)心， 連老師一個(gè)字都沒錯(cuò)過。

筆記本更嚴(yán)肅、更整潔

然后今天蜜雪老師也來奉獻(xiàn)一篇科學(xué)美國人60秒的考古文章，然后給大家朗誦音頻。

以下文章選自2020年4月《美國科學(xué)雜志》考古專欄，特別挑選。

同時(shí)給大家讀這篇文章，由于模仿新聞節(jié)目，我今天說得更快。

古代尿液的考古之窗——蜜雪老師來自蜜雪英語00:0002:54:54

This is Scientific American's 60-second Science, I'm Bob Hirshon.

A 10,000-year-old archaeological site in central Turkey is helping scientists unlock the region's pee-historic past. That's right: the salty residue of ancient urine can reveal how and when humans went from hunter-gatherers to herder-farmers who kept and raised animals in their settlements.

土耳其中部的一個(gè)有10000年歷史的考古遺址正在幫助科學(xué)家解決該地區(qū)的尿液歷史問題。是的：古代尿液中的鹽殘留物可以揭示人類是如何從狩獵采集者轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)樵诙ň狱c(diǎn)保留和飼養(yǎng)動(dòng)物的飼養(yǎng)者的。

"And so we thought, okay, what's a process that an animal would go through if it was being kept at the site, whether it's corralled between buildings or kept in other specific areas?"

Archaeologist Jordan Abell from Columbia's Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory. He's been studying the settlement of A??kl? H?yük, located on a 16-meter-high mound near Turkey's Melendiz River.

"We thought, okay, well, these animals would be urinating all the time that they were on the mound."

所以我們想，好吧，如果動(dòng)物被留在這個(gè)地方，它們會經(jīng)歷什么過程，無論是被圈在建筑物之間還是被放在其他特定的地方？

我們認(rèn)為，嗯，這些動(dòng)物在土堆上生活時(shí)總是小便。

In the dry climate of central Turkey, the sodium, chloride and nitrates from all that animal excretion would be trapped in the layers of earth onto which they were originally peed. Excavating those salts, layer by layer, should provide a timeline of animal populations at the site.

"And so we calculated, using a simple mass-balance approach, an estimate of the number of organisms that it would take to produce these large quantities of salt."

Abell and his colleagues found that from 10,000 years ago to about 9,700 years ago, the site jumped from having just a few large organisms' worth of whiz to more than 1,800.

這樣，我們就可以用簡單的質(zhì)量平衡法來計(jì)算生產(chǎn)這些大量鹽所需的生物數(shù)量。

艾貝爾和他的同事們發(fā)現(xiàn)，從10000年前到9700年前，這個(gè)地方的大型生物數(shù)量從幾個(gè)躍升到1800多個(gè)。

Of course, people pee too, so the researchers had to figure out which salts were from humans and which were from their animals. Luckily, the location of the salts provided clues—for example, high concentrations in narrow alleyways too small for animals.

"The general thought is that they might have been standing on their roofs and just peeing into these alleyways."

Something that goats and sheep do rarely, if ever. By subtracting contributions from humans, the researchers calculated that there had to be between 800 and 1,300 sheep and goats to account for the remaining pee. The study appears in the journal Science Advances.

如果山羊和綿羊這樣做了，情況就很少了。通過減少人類排尿，研究人員計(jì)算出必須有800到1300只綿羊和山羊才能產(chǎn)生剩余的尿液。這項(xiàng)研究發(fā)表在《科學(xué)進(jìn)步》雜志上。

If true, it means that animal domestication didn't originate solely in the Fertile Crescent of Mesopotamia, as many of us learned in history class.

"Our technique has been able to support that idea, that somewhere outside the Fertile Crescent, in this case in central Turkey, was developing this process at near the same time as has been shown elsewhere within the Fertile Crescent."

An important discovery, since the advent of herding and farming was a turning point for human civilization, leading to cities and modern society.

Abell points out that many archaeological sites have little in the way of physical evidence like bones and artifacts, but presumably all of them have pee. So his advice for other archaeologists who want to track animal and human populations? Look out for number one.

Thanks for listening for Scientific American — 60-Second Science. I'm Bob Hirshon.

如果是真的，那就意味著動(dòng)物飼養(yǎng)并不像我們大多數(shù)人從歷史課上學(xué)到的那樣，只起源于美索不達(dá)米亞新月的沃土。

我們的技術(shù)已經(jīng)能夠支持這一觀點(diǎn)。在新月肥沃土壤之外的其他地方，土耳其中部地區(qū)，幾乎與新月肥沃土壤的過程同時(shí)發(fā)展。

這是一個(gè)重要的發(fā)現(xiàn)，因?yàn)樾竽翗I(yè)和農(nóng)業(yè)的出現(xiàn)是人類文明的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn)，從而催生了城市和當(dāng)今社會。

艾貝爾指出，許多考古遺址基本上沒有實(shí)物證據(jù)，如骨骼和文物，但可能所有遺址都有尿液。他對其他想要追蹤動(dòng)物和人類物種的考古學(xué)家有什么建議？注意尿液。

謝謝你聽科學(xué)美國-60秒科學(xué)。我是鮑勃。·赫爾尚。

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